The Opium wars

Opium substance derived by collecting and drying the milky juice in the unripe seed pods of the opium Poppy, papaver somniferium. Opium varies in color from yellow to dark brown and has a characteristic odor and a bitter taste. With nearly 2 million pounds of opium being sold in China each year, opium weakened a large amount of the Chinese population. In the 19Th century, 10 percent of the Chinese population was smoking opium.
This also affected China economically, due to the large amount of resources, especially silver, flowing out of the country to pay for the opium. When the Chinese government first discovered opium smoking in the country in 1729, government promoted policies to prohibit the sale of opium for smoking, and shut down and banned opium-smoking houses. At the time, it became a very serious offense to sell opium for smoking purposes. It was classified in the same category as robbery and murder. The punishment was either banishment or execution.
Although the harsh punishments helped rid cities of local dealers and treat drug addicts, they did not stop British merchants from bringing in more opium to China. Because many Chinese government officials were corrupt and accepted bribes from British officials, they also became a part of the illegal opium trade. When the Chinese government discovered the British smuggling opium into China to sell, it was alarmed.
That was when Emperor Daoguang appointed Lin Tse-Hsua, an imperial commissioner, to lead an anti-opium campaign.Lin, in 1839, finally went to Canton, which was then the main port for foreign trade. There, he found a British warehouse full of opium. He confiscated its content and publicly destroyed more than 20,000 chests of the opium seized from British merchants by mixing them with salt and lemon before throwing them into the ocean.
The Opium Wars resulted in the victimization of China by foreign powers for decades to follow. It was not until 1949 and the victory of Mao Zedong and communism that the unequal treaties signed between the Chinese government and the foreign powers were abolished. It was also after 1949 that China took back all the ports, except for Hong Kong. Hong Kong remained a British territory until 1997.

Mountains of the moon

The two Europeans, Richard Burton and John Speke had many expectations and hardships that faced in the Continent of Africa. They started out in Somalia and went west to the middle of Africa that's where they met their most fears. But as they sailed to Africa, they saw Africans working to bring the goods of Africa to sail it to Europe. As they traveled they camped in the desert to rest for the night. As they were sleeping they were ambushed by a tribe with spears and shields. Richard and John fought against them but there were to many. So they had to escape, luckily Richard Burton escaped but with a spear through his mouth. John was captured and tied up on the sand floor. John escaped the next mourning but before he escaped, the tribe stabbed his legs and arms for great amount of pain.
Richard and John found each other but went back to Europe to fix Richards mouth. They finally came back for another trip and left to the middle of Africa. Richards mouth was fine except for some missing tooth's. The two bumped into a big tribe that wanted him to come to the King for an invite. They had to bring gifts for the king (which they had to or they would get killed) as they approached him dressed as proper as they can, holding the England flag. The king saw the gifts but did not know how to use them. Richard showed him the small pistol and how it works.
The tribe got really scared, because they did not know what was the weapon. The king loved him and accepted him as a visitor. They had a party and had a lot of fun. John did not participate in the party but traveled a little more to see if they have found the Lake Victoria ( they named the lake, lake victoria, because their Queen was named Victoria and they wanted to name the lake after her). He did but Richard did not want to leave. He wanted to go back home because the monsus would come (The rainy season).
John went hunting for animals and he put the gun on the side and suicide himself. He died in 1890 during the time Richard was doing his speach. He was telling his adventures in the National Geographic Confrence. But he didnt finish when he herd his beloved friend died from that disaster.

Karl Marx and communism

He was born a Jew, but his father converted the family to Christianity in order to get a job. Marx did not believe in god and thought workers were controlled by religion. He said, religion is the opiate of the people. Opium is a drug. Marx's ideas were known as Communism, a word formed for common. Communism is the control of goods and services (commodities) through a government that produces only to serve the people. It is total equality. Communism is abolition of private property, meaning that resources (minerals, coal, oil, etc.) and production (factories, plants, refineries, etc.) are owned in common by the people. Workers would share wealth in a communist society. Marx wrote that wealth should be distributed from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.Conditions in European factories were very harsh and unsafe. Marx argued that workers, rather than landlords, should control factories and farms. He urged the "workers of the world to unite" in a worldwide revolution. Marx hated the idea of Capitalism. He hated how the rich became richer and the poor became poorer. Marx hated the Industrial Revolution, he wanted Communism to be world wide, because this way not only the people of England would have what he thought were equal rights, but everyone else world wide would be able to enjoy what he thought was the best way of life. Marx saw the low class, working people or the factory workers as the good guys. This was because they were for his idea of communism and he viewed them as the "victims" of capitalism. viewed the factory owners and the people of high power as the "bad guys", because of all the power they had and because they were capitalist. Marx died in 1883, but his ideas formed the basis of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. Mongolia became the second communist nation in 1921 and by the end of World War II, many governments were overthrown by communists.

Karl Marx and the Industrial Revolution

Karl Marx was best known as a 19Th century revolutionary. His ideas were very influential and other countries through the years practiced them, however not in the same pure form Marx invented.The philosopher, social scientist, historian and revolutionary, Karl Marx, is without a doubt the most influential socialist thinker to emerge in the 19Th century. Although he was largely ignored by scholars in his own lifetime, his social, economic and political ideas gained rapid acceptance in the socialist movement after his death in 1883. Until quite recently almost half the population of the world lived under regimes that claim to be Marxist. This very success, however, has meant that the original ideas of Marx have often been modified and his meanings adapted to a great variety of political circumstances. In addition, the fact that Marx delayed publication of many of his writings meant that is been only recently that scholars had the opportunity to appreciate Marx's intellectual stature. Karl Marx felt that the Industrial Revolution allowed the rich to get richer and the poor to get poorer.The industrial revolution inspired Marx to invent communism because he thought the working class was doomed to forever work for low wages.He believed that since there were more workers than owners, the workers would eventually get fed up, start a revolution and take over.

Nationalism and the Creation of Italy

Being a nationalistic is just being proud of your country. But there are holidays that expresses your nationalism. For example: In America there is Easter, July 4, ETC. There are maps that represents the own country. Every information about the country is on the map. By 1871, Europe was remapped with the rise of two newly united nations - the Kingdom of Italy and the German Empire. The unification movements of both countries took place at roughly the same time in the mid-19Th century and were motivated by the same historical trends - that of liberalism and nationalism. The following discussion presents a comparison of the two unification's. Before the French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte, both Italy and Germany shared some similar features. Italy was divided into a number of separate states which were ruled by despotic kings. Yet the Italians shared a common language and a common history - the Roman Empire. Many still had memories of the ancient unity and glory.Italy has been the home of many European Culture, such as the and the Romans, and later was the birthplace of the Universitys and of the movement of the Renaissance, that began in Tuscany and spread all over Europe. Italy's capital Rome was for centuries the center of Western Civilization ; it also spawned the Boraque movement and seats the Catholic Church . Italy possessed a colonial empire from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century.

Simon Bolivar

Simon Bolivar controlled a military and is a liberator. He came to south America one day and controlled most of it. Except the other part (which is Brazil) that was conquered by Portugal. Gave independence to Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, and named the land Bolivia. He named Bolivia by his last name. He was elected president of Peru in 1825 and later organized in southern Peru a new republic, which was named Bolivia in his honor. He helped free people from south America from the Spaniards which he also agreed to the Haitian soldiers and the freedom fighters to help free south America. There he got his weapon's and ammunition. They figured since he wanted to exile Jamaica from the Spaniards.He went to Europe where he witnessed the coronation of napoleon and gradually became drawn to the idea of revolution. Simon went to Venezuela and had many victories against the Spaniards. But in the Civil war he had defeats against the Royalist army. After he went to Orinoco and returned to lead his rebel forces. He mostly lived in Caracas, Venezuela. He spend his tutoring and teachings in Venezuela where he was being taught there. He married a woman from a Spanish nobility. In a year his wife died from yellow fever. In 1819 he defeated the Spanish and established the republic of Greater Colombia, a federation that included present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador.

Rein of terror and Robespierre

It occurred fifteen months after the French Revolution. Ranging from 16,000 to 40,000 deaths. It was the Rein of terror that appeared to chop many heads off. It was a blade that hung on the top of a rectangular Guillotine. At the bottom had the hole, and where they put the heads so the blade could come down and chop the head off. Many famous people died from the Guillotine, like Marie-Antoinette, the Girondins Philippe Egalite, and Madam Roland.
The Guillotine became a symbol of executions. Its because the Girondines and the Jacobins hated each other and had "Enemies of the Revolution".There were twelve members in the public safety community. Robespierre became the dominant member.
Their aim was to eliminate all internal counterrevolutionary elements, to raise new armies, and to assure food supplies for the armies and cities. Some of their measures were demanded by the people of Paris, whose support was essential. Also the police and committee of General security took that responsibility of the Guillotine.

The French Revolution

1)A)People were so critical against Nobility(The second Estate), because they were rich and didn't need to pay taxes. They can also hold position such as being officers in the army. They almost had complete power in peasants and did not have to do military service. Nobles lived in palaces and luxury chateaux.
B)Through the local officials and ministers they ruled absolutely everything. (Also known as ruling all of France and the parliament=states General).
C)The Clergy is the first estate which covers 100,000 people in France. They are very much related to the Nobles. Which means the rules are the same. Like the hold positions in officers, they don't need to pay taxes, complete power in peasants. But they are part of the Church.

2)The Male peasent didnt have enoufh land, money, had to pay wheat, chickens, oats, and pence. Plus heavy taxes from the king. The woman peasent didnt like that so she gets grumbled.

3)This Picture and caption is representing a peasent carrying a federal lord plus the Clergy. Which means hes gotta pay taxes and do rules due to what the clergy and the federal lord say. The caption many talks about the peasent wants hope that this suffering will end and become free of rules.

4)The female gets angry due to the statues of the male peasent. He barly has money and needs to pay federal lord and clergy many things.

John Locke and "The Enlightenment

John Locke had many ideas on the constitution. He was also an oxford scholar, Medical researcher and Physician, Political operative, Economist and Ideologue. Back then he said that all men were created from Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. People govern their own lives and have the power to change. It would most likely people would have problems with their safety and happiness. their would always be evil on every corner, but their would be security, protection against those crimes. People has their own power of governing themselves. Humans had the right to do what they can unless their is security patrolling the place. The king of Great Britain wanted to tyranny other colonies. But that was not part of the constitution. So the only thing he was doing was injuries and usurpation's. But then they wanted to create a new government. A government that would organize their powers and life (Not meant to control them but to help the people).Tax would be paid to the goverment for power.

The trial of Galileo

Galileo studied Astronomy with a telescope. He found out that geocentric (Copernican) Theory was a false statement. He realized that instead of the planets circuling the Earth, Its the plantes revolvein the Sun. He found out by looking at the Moon and the Sun. The Sun dosent move the whole day while the Moon moves the oppisite way.
Geocentric:Earth was at the center while the rest of the planets revolved around it. The Sun was named as a planet also the moon. The person that made that theory was Alexandia that lived in Egypt. Afterwards Greeks, Muslims and Christians worked on the theory and made conclusions saying all planets revolved around the Earth.
Heliocentric: The Earth is placed at the middle and planets revolved around it. Copernicus made that theory centeries ago. He was a Polish Astronomer. What helped him make that hypothesis was the Stars. That made him prove about the Heliocentric Theory.
The Heliocentric came first which was made centries ago. 1543.
The trail started in 1633, when the Catholic Church didn't wanted to belive in Galileo.

Scientific Revolution: Scientific Method

The scientific method is a way scientist observe, test, and prove that that theory is correct. Scientists observe and take notes of what they are visualizing. Then they make a theory of how it works and what is it made of. The theory then gets experimented with a couple of test and subjects. If the theory gets accepted, then it becomes a law of science. For example: scientists experiments on animals like mices, plants, ETC. One scientific law is Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion, are three mathematical laws that describe the motion of planets in the solar system.

Evolution vs. Creation

Theory of Evolution: The evolution of species coming from the parents. The plants and other animals are related to each other. Humans evolve from animals and life changes around. Natural selection takes place where animals gets chosen to stay in the environment. The other animals get thrown out, because they are not accepted and either survive on their own or die of starvation. All of natures policy could malfunction and disembark. Life is made by creation and evolution.

Creationism: Everything is created by one God. Life was created by one person that is invincible and created all humanity. He gave ideas and rules to his followers that would their soul for God. There is the Koran, that God told his follower to write what he tells him to write in one huge book. There are many Religions but they all believe in one God. The only difference is that the language is different to say God.

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